Management is concerned with both efficiency and effectiveness. If there are any gaps in performance and goals, management tries to bring the two in tune with each other. Management always begins with goals, and remains conscious of their attainment. Without goals an organisation would be like a ship without rudders. It is the responsibility of management to attain those goals. All organizations, both for-profit and not-for-profit, are directed towards goals. The process of management is a purposive activity and starts and ends with the goals. Since management is interdisciplinary (management has heavily borrowed concepts from economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, law, mathematics, statistics, et al), it makes use of multiple and inter-disciplinary knowledge to take decisions and makes use of authority to get those decisions enforceable. Drucker said that “whatever a manager does he does through decision making”, he was very clear of management’s core that it was decision making. Management tries to convert threats into opportunities and weaknesses into strengths but at times changes itself according to environment. Internal environment indicates strengths and weaknesses and external environment indicates opportunities and threats. Since management is both a science and art, it is right to call it as artistic science (art-based science) or scientific art (science-based art) (see Figure6.1)Ī profession is an occupation, requiring some significant body of knowledge, which is formally acquired and applied with ethical standards as declared by the apex body of whose certification is a must, for service to society. Management is rightly called as art of arts. Two doctors prescribing the same medicines to two different patients suffering from the same disease may have different result with different doses. Even many of the pure sciences are closer to art. This way management is definitely an art, as it is a social process. Management has all the ingredient of being a science, but it is a soft science rather than a hard science (where 2 + 2 may not always be 4) because it deals with human beings, whose behavior is most difficult to predict.Īrt refers to practical application, through creative use of body of knowledge to get desired results by personal possession of skill where scope for personal judgment is there.

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